Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride monohydrate (CAS 86393-32-0) is a second-generation fluoroquinolone broad-spectrum antibiotic. It exerts bactericidal effects by inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, blocking DNA replication and transcription. It is highly active against Gram-negative bacteria (e.g., E. coli, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and effective against some Gram-positive bacteria and anaerobes. Widely used in human and veterinary medicine for infections of the respiratory tract, urinary tract, gastrointestinal tract, skin, and soft tissues. Also applied in aquaculture for bacterial disease control. As a key pharmaceutical raw material, it serves as an API for tablets, injections, and eye drops. In chemical research, it is used as a reference standard and for developing new quinolone derivatives. With high efficacy and low resistance, it remains a critical antibiotic in clinical and veterinary settings.
